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Cameron showed Bruhn samples of the gold that had been found on his station at Clunes in March Bruhn also explored the countryside and found quartz reefs in the vicinity. This then indirectly led to the first gold rush in Victoria from Esmond's subsequent discovery of payable gold at Clunes in July Bruhn also forwarded specimens of gold to Melbourne which were received by the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June Gold was found at the Turon Goldfields at Sofala in June Henry Frencham, then a reporter for The Times , and shortly afterwards for The Argus , was determined to be one of the persons to claim this reward.
On 11 June he formed one of a party of 8 to search for gold north and north-east of Melbourne. Only 2 days later the party had dwindled to two men, Frencham and W. Walsh, who found what they thought to be gold at Warrandyte. The next day the headline in "The Times" newspaper was "Gold Discovery". The claim was not allowed. The specimens were tested by chemists Hood and Sydney Gibbons who could not find a trace of gold, but this may have been because they had little expertise in the area.
Even if they had determined that the samples contained gold, however, it was not payable gold. Frencham always claimed to have been the first to find gold in the Plenty Ranges. This gold was shown at the precise spot where it had been found to Webb Richmond, on behalf of the Gold Discovery Committee, on 5 July, the full particulars of the locality were communicated to the Lieutenant-Governor on 8 July and a sample was brought to Melbourne and exhibited to the Gold Discovery Committee on 16 July.
As a result the Gold Discovery Committee were of the opinion that this find was the first publisher of the location of the discovery of a goldfield in the Colony of Victoria. About people were at work on this goldfield prior to the discovery of Ballarat.
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Esmond and his party found the gold after Esmond had been told by George Hermann Bruhn of the gold that had been found in March on Cameron's property at Clunes and that in the vicinity were quartz reefs which were likely to bear gold. News of the discovery was published first in the Geelong Advertiser on 7 July [11] and then in Melbourne on 8 July.
Gold in the Pyrenees. The long sought treasure is at length found! Victoria is a gold country, and from Geelong goes forth the first glad tidings of the discovery. Esmonds arrived in Geelong on Saturday with some beautiful specimens of gold, in quartz, and gold-dust in a "debris" of the same species of rock. The specimens have been subjected to the most rigid test by Mr Patterson, in the presence of other competent parties, and he pronounced them to be beyond any possibility of doubt pure gold The particulars of the precise location, with Esmond's consent, was published in the Geelong Advertiser on 22 July Publication of Esmond's find started the first official gold rush in Victoria in that same month.
By 1 August between and diggers were encamped on the Clunes Goldfield, but soon moved to other fields as news of other gold discoveries spread. The gold was first found by Christopher Thomas Peters, a shepherd and hut-keeper on the Barker's Creek, in the service of William Barker. When the gold was shown in the men's quarters Peters was ridiculed for finding fool's gold, and the gold was thrown away.
Barker did not want his workmen to abandon his sheep, but in August they did just that.
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John Worley, George Robinson and Robert Keen, also in the employ of Barker as shepherds and a bullock driver, immediately teamed with Peters in working the deposits by panning in Specimen Gully, which they did in relative privacy during the next month. When Barker sacked them and ran them off for trespass, Worley, on behalf of the party "to prevent them getting in trouble", mailed a letter to The Argus Melbourne dated 1 September announcing this new goldfield with the precise location of their workings.
This letter was published on 8 September Within a month there were about 8, diggers working the alluvial beds of the creeks near the present day town of Castlemaine, and particularly Forest Creek which runs through the suburb today known as Chewton where the first small township was established. By the end of the year there were about 25, on the field. On 8 August an auriferous deposit of gold was found 3 kilometres west of Buninyong, Victoria , near Ballarat.
The gold was discovered in a gully in the Buninyong ranges, by a resident of Buninyong, Thomas Hiscock. In that same month prospectors began moving from the Clunes to the Buninyong diggings. As a result, they only had the rich Ballarat goldfield to themselves for a week. In the report of the Committee on the Claims to Original Discovery of the Goldfields of Victoria published in The Argus Melbourne newspaper of 28 March , however, a different picture of the discovery of gold at Golden Point at Ballarat is presented.
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They stated that Regan and Dunlop were one of two parties working at the same time on opposite sides of the ranges forming Golden Point, the other contenders for the first finders of gold at Ballarat being described as "Mr Brown and his party". The committee stated that "where so many rich deposits were discovered almost simultaneously, within a radius of little more than half a mile, it is difficult to decide to whom is due the actual commencement of the Ballarat diggings. Esmonds Clunes and Hiscock Buninyong " and "by attracting great numbers of diggers to the neighbourhood" that "the discovery of Ballarat was but a natural consequence of the discovery of Buninyong".
It has been claimed that Gold was first found at Bendigo , Victoria in September The four sets of serious contenders for the first finders of gold on what became the Bendigo goldfield are, in no particular order:. According to the Bendigo Historical Society, it has today, contrary to the findings of the Select Committee of , become "generally agreed" [90] or "acknowledged" [91] that gold was found at Bendigo Creek by two married women from the Mount Alexander North Run later renamed the Ravenswood Run , Margaret Kennedy and Julia Farrell.
This acknowledgement is not shared by contemporaneous historians such as Robert Coupe who wrote in his book Australia's Gold Rushes , first published in , that "there are several accounts of the first finds in the Bendigo area". On September , a Select Committee of the Victorian Legislative Assembly began sitting to decide who was the first to discover gold at Bendigo. They stated that there were 12 claimants who had made submissions to being the first to find gold at Bendigo this included Mrs Margaret Kennedy, but not Mrs Julia Farrell who was deceased , plus the journalist Henry Frencham [94] who claimed to have discovered gold at Bendigo Creek in November According to a Select Committee of the Victorian Parliament, the name of the first discoverer of gold on the Bendigo goldfield is unknown.
The Select Committee inquiring into this matter in September and October examined many witnesses but was unable to decide between the various claimants. They were, however, able to decide that the first gold on the Bendigo goldfields was found in at "The Rocks" area of Bendigo Creek at Golden Square , which is near where today's Maple Street crosses the Bendigo Creek. As the date of September , or soon after, and place, at or near "The Rocks" on Bendigo Creek, were also mentioned in relation to three other sets of serious contenders for the first finders of gold on what became the Bendigo goldfields, all associated with the Mount Alexander North Run later renamed the Ravenswood Run.
When Margaret Kennedy gave evidence before the Select Committee in September she claimed to alone have found gold near "The Rocks" in early September She claimed that she had taken her 9-year-old son, John Drane [note 4] with her to search for gold near "The Rocks" after her husband had told her that he had seen gravel there that might bear gold, and that she was joined by her husband in the evenings.
She also gave evidence that after finding gold she "engaged" [96] Julia Farrell and went back with her to pan for more gold at the same spot, and it was while there that they were seen by a Mr Frencham, he said in November. She confirmed that they had been panning for gold also called washing with a milk dish, and had been using a quart-pot and a stocking as storage vessels. In the evidence that Margaret Kennedy gave before the Select Committee in September , Margaret Kennedy claimed that she and Julia Farrell had been secretly panning for gold before Henry Frencham arrived, evidence that was substantiated by others.
The Select Committee found "that Henry Frencham's claim to be the discoverer of gold at Bendigo has not been sustained", but could not make a decision as to whom of the other at least 12 claimants had been first as "it would be most difficult, if not impossible, to decide that question now" They concluded that there was "no doubt that Mrs Kennedy and Mrs Farrell had obtained gold before Henry Frencham arrived on the Bendigo Creek", but that Frencham "was the first to report the discovery of payable gold at Bendigo to the Commissioner at Forest Creek Castlemaine ".
An event Frencham dated to 28 November , [95] a date which was, according to Frencham's own contemporaneous writings, after a number of diggers had already begun prospecting on the Bendigo goldfield. In the end, the Select Committee also decided "that the first place at which gold was discovered on Bendigo was at what is now known as Golden Square, called by the station hands in "The Rocks", a point about yards to the west of the junction of Golden Gully with the Bendigo Creek.
In October , Alfred Shrapnell Bailes — , [] the man who had proposed the Select Committee, who was one of the men who had sat on the Select Committee, and who was chairman of the Select Committee for 6 of the 7 days that it sat, gave an address in Bendigo where he gave his opinion on the matter of who had first found gold at Bendigo. The first group of people digging for gold at the Bendigo Creek in were people associated with the Mount Alexander North Ravenswood Run.
They included, in no particular order:.
They were soon joined by miners from the Forest Creek Castlemaine diggings including the journalist Henry Frencham — There is no doubt that Henry Frencham, under the pen-name of "Bendigo", [85] was the first to publicly write anything about gold-mining at Bendigo Creek, with a report about a meeting of miners at Bendigo Creek on 8 and 9 December , published respectively in the Daily News , Melbourne, date unknown [] and 13 December editions of the Geelong Advertiser [] and The Argus , Melbourne.
In late November some of the miners at Castlemaine Forest Creek , having heard of the new discovery of gold, began to move to Bendigo Creek joining those from the Mount Alexander North Ravenswood Run who were already prospecting there. Frencham reported then about miners on the field not counting hut-keepers. On 13 December Henry Frencham's article in The Argus was published announcing to the world that gold was abundant in Bendigo. Just days later, in mid-December the rush to Bendigo had begun, with a correspondent from Castlemaine for the Geelong Advertiser reported on 16 December that "hundreds are on the wing thither to Bendigo Creek ".
Henry Frencham may not have been the first person to find gold at Bendigo but he was the first person to announce to the authorities 28 November and then the world "The Argus", 13 December the existence of the Bendigo gold-field. Lydiard at Forest Creek Castlemaine , the first gold received from Bendigo. Gold was found at Omeo in late and gold mining continued in the area for many years. Due to the inaccessibility of the area there was only a small Omeo gold rush.
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Woods Almanac, , states that gold was possibly found at Fingal near Mangana in by the "Old Major" who steadily worked at a gully for two to three years guarding his secret. This gold find was probably at Mangana and that there is a gully there known as Major's Gully. Further small finds were reported during the same year in the vicinity of Nine Mile Springs Lefroy. In gold was found at Mt. Peter Leete at the Calder, a tributary of the Inglis. The news of this brought the first big rush to Nine Mile Springs.
A township quickly developed beside the present main road from Bell Bay to Bridport, and dozens of miners pegged out claims there and at nearby Back Creek. Within a few days of the announcement of finding gold 80 gold licenses had been issued.
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Within seven weeks there were about people, including women and children, camped in tents and wattle-and-daub huts in "Chapman's Gully". A township sprang up in the area as the population grew. Soon there were blacksmiths, butchers and bakers to provide the gold diggers' needs.
Within 6 months licences had been issued. Three police constables were appointed to maintain order and to assist the Gold Commissioner. By August there were less than gold diggers and the police presence was reduced to two troopers. The gold rush was at its peak for nine months. Despite the sales of gold from Echunga, this goldfield could not compete with the richer fields in Victoria and by the South Australian goldfields were described as being 'pretty deserted'.
There were further discoveries of gold in the Echunga area made in , , , and causing minor rushes. By September there were about 1, people living at the new diggings and tents and huts were scattered throughout the scrub. A township was established with general stores, butchers and refreshment booths. By the end of though, the alluvial deposits at Echunga were almost exhausted and the population dwindled to several hundred. During reef mining was introduced and some small mining companies were established but all had gone into liquidation by The Echunga goldfields were South Australia's most productive.
After the revival of the Echunga goldfields in , prospectors searched the Adelaide Hills for new goldfields. News of a new discovery would set off another rush. Gold was found in Queensland near Warwick as early as , [] beginning small-scale alluvial gold mining in that state.
The first Queensland goldrush did not occur until late , however, after the discovery of what was rumoured to be payable gold for a large number of men at Canoona near what was to become the town of Rockhampton. According to legend [] this gold was found at Canoona near Rockhampton by a man named Chappie or Chapel in July or August Initially worried that his find would be exaggerated O'Connell wrote to the Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands on 25 November to inform him that he had found "very promising prospects of gold" after having some pans of earth washed.