Ali Webb goes on her first Tinder Date. CAN OF WORMS · MARIBYRNONG FREIGHT NEWS BY JAMES JAMES staff, the beers and pizzas available from Slice Girls West below. He left a while later and we exchanged numbers. Follow me at www. www.linkerdo.hu or www.linkerdo.hu
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Such civilian use of an EFM product was another highly significant feature of the factory complex's work in the s and early s. Commonwealth Government policy allowed EFM to manufacture chemical products for sale in the commercial sphere where there was no source of supply from private enterprise within Australia. The only proviso was that EFM had to withdraw from the market in any particular chemical product when private enterprise commenced manufacturing it. One major effect of this policy was that, as in the war years, the Maribyrnong complex played the leading role in stimulating the Australian chemical engineering industry in the interwar period.
Among the products that the EFM manufactured for sale in the s were various acids, twenty-nine varieties of lead free paints and enamels, lacquers, varnishes, cements, lutes, glycerine mixtures, soap mixtures, pitch composition and drawing paste. The factory complex also produced pigmented acetate, nitrocellulose, dopes and identification colours for commercial aircraft companies and for the Royal Australian Air Force RAAF. Under Leighton's energetic leadership the complex's range of commercial products was further expanded in the period , with manufacture commencing of acetone solvents, collodion gun cotton , paper cartons target centres , TNT charges, salt cake and nitrobenzene.
Such was the range of chemical processes performed by the Explosives and Factory Filling Group, as the Maribyrnong complex was then known, that it was in fact the centre of the chemical engineering industry in Australia in this era. Its chemical products were the most complex made by any chemical manufacturer in Australia, its technology was the most modern and the technology was kept up to date by a constant flow of technical information from England. A new phase of development opened at the EFM with the Commonwealth Government's announcement in September of a major rearmament programme for Australia's defence forces.
As it turned out this was to be the first of a series of five major rearmament programmes instituted in the period leading up to the outbreak of World War II , all of them aimed at modernising Australia's defences and making the nation more self-sufficient in this area. Significant impetus was given to these programmes from the latter half of following an assessment by senior defence officials that war was likely to break out in Europe and East Asia by the end of The impetus was reflected at Maribyrnong in a doubling of production output at the EFM complex each year from to the As it was, the announcement had an immediate impact on the Maribyrnong complex when the EFM was detailed to manufacture solventless cordite for big gun ammunition as used by the Royal Australian Navy RAN in its naval guns.
Up to this point the RAN had relied completely on Britain for its supplies of solventless cordite.
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To house the manufacturing process for this substance, new buildings were erected at Maribyrnong and, in late , the first supplies were produced. The successful manufacture of naval cordite was a considerable technical accomplishment for the EFM complex. One of the other notable achievements of the EFM in this period was its part in initiating the production of synthetic ammonia in Australia.
Ammonia was essential for the production of nitric acid which was a vital ingredient in the manufacture of explosives and one for which Australia was totally reliant on imports. By the mids, Leighton, Brodribb and their colleagues at Maribyrnong were determined that this glaring gap in the nation's ability to produce all of its own explosives should be overcome. Against the opposition of Imperial Chemical Industries ICI in England, the EFM complex began research into the manufacture of nitrogenous products and established a pilot plant for producing nitric acid by the oxidation of ammonia.
This initiative eventually forced ICI in to set up a factory at Deer Park in Victoria to make ammonia and nitric acid. A further noteworthy feature of the development of the EFM complex in the mid-to lates was the provision of additional staff buildings to accommodate a projected major increase in the size of the factory's workforce when war broke out.
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As it was anticipated that a large number of women would be employed in this eventuality, specific facilities for women were built from about onward. As anticipated, the outbreak of World War II led to a massive increase in the demand for explosives and a need for the construction of new factories in Australia to meet the demand. One of the main challenges in expanding the military explosives industry was to provide properly trained technical staff to run the new factories. It possessed the only body of officers trained in the manufacture of military explosives and experienced in the techniques of filling ammunition.
For the first half of the war it was the school to which staff recruited for the new factories were sent for training. Maribyrnong provided the managers for these factories and also the background of practical experience which enabled them to turn out products meeting the stringent requirements of service specifications. Again in Mellor's words, these were " The range and diversity of manufacture and filling at this factory was unapproached by any other factory in the British Commonwealth , for it made and filled almost every type of ammunition".
The expansion of the war effort led to the construction of other armaments and munitions factories based on the processes developed at EFM Maribyrnong, including the Salisbury Explosives Factory in South Australia completed in By early the EFM had developed and commenced production of another initiator besides fulminate of mercury, uncoated lead azide. Later in the same year, the factory succeeded, after a lengthy research programme, in replacing cotton with paper-wood cellulose from Australian grown pine trees to produce nitrocellulose for propellants.
The EFM further succeeded in nitrating this nitrocellulose in such a way as to make it suitable for both land service and naval propellants and it was the first factory in the world to go into regular production of this form of nitrocellulose. Other pioneering work in manufacturing munitions followed. In , the EFM researched and developed a new method of making cordite while a crash research and development programme at the factory enabled it, by early , to produce so called flashless cordite for use by the RAN.
This was the first time that this type of cordite had been manufactured in Australia. Not surprisingly, a range of new structures were erected at the EFM complex to accommodate both the production of these new munitions and an enormous expansion in the production of existing munitions. A similar building programme occurred in the ammunition filling section of the factory to cope with the vast increase in work in this area.
In May the Department of Supply , under which the EFM then operated, gained approval and funding for an expansion of this part of the complex. A new area for the filling of naval mines and depth charges was consequently built on the flats within the northern loop of the river and even the high ground of Remount Hill, though not overly convenient for handling explosives, was utilised for process buildings and magazines.
Apart from mines and depth charges, the work of filling numerous other types of ammunition with explosives was carried out at Maribyrnong during the war. The peak of munitions production at Maribyrnong occurred in when the complex employed over 8, workers. One of the most notable features of the World War II workforce was the high proportion of female employees it contained. Prior to the outbreak of the war the factory had always been staffed wholly and solely by men and this situation had even been maintained throughout World War One.
However, as the EFM management had foreseen in the mids, the production of munitions at the factory could not be achieved under the conditions of a future total war without the labour of women. Despite the key role played by women in this vital war industry, the factory reverted to an all male workforce at the end of the war.
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Safety measures instituted at Maribyrnong extended to the built environment. Many of the production, storage and filling buildings are still surrounded by earthen or concrete blast walls which were constructed as a means of containing any accidental explosions that might occur.
For transporting materials around the factory all care was taken to reduce friction and prevent the accumulation of electrostatic charges mainly through the establishment of a network of cleanways. These were slightly elevated roads made of concrete and surfaced with wood or asphalt on which ran the factory's special electrically powered rubber tyred transport vehicles. In the laying down of footpaths in the factory complex, a high proportion of gypsum was often added to the concrete in order to minimise the risk of sparks.
A number of other structures still surviving on the site owe their existence to a safety issue of a somewhat different kind. As one of Australia's most important centres of munitions productions, the EFM complex was considered a prime target for possible enemy air attacks. A range of Air Raid Protection ARP shelters were constructed on the site, including concrete bunker style shelters and shelters for individuals.
The latter consist of a concrete pipe sunk vertically into the ground and covered with a concrete slab. Zigzag slit trenches were also dug for members of the workforce to take shelter in, but these have long since been filled in. From its production peak in , the output of the EFM gradually declined as other munitions factories in Australia commenced production. Activity at the factory slackened off further from late by which time the tide of war had turned decisively against the Japanese and it seemed likely that they would eventually be defeated.
In the post war years, the EFM complex continued to make explosives at Maribyrnong for Australia's armed forces, though on a much reduced scale. The factory was also engaged in this period in rendering safe its huge stockpile of unused wartime ammunition. It made something of a return, too, to its pre-war role of manufacturing non-munitions products for the general market. In this period, the EFM played an important role in employing post war immigrants, many of whom lived in the nearby Midway Migrant Hostel.
Very little building activity took place at the site during this time and what buildings were erected are typified by the instrumentation building No. In the role of the factory changed as it became involved in the design and manufacture [1] of plastic explosives, rocket propellants, the assembly of rocket motors and the manufacture of igniters and other explosive devices for rockets. By the s, however, it had become clear that the site could no longer be safely used for the production and filling of modern high explosives.
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The EFM's functions were progressively relocated to other sites and, in May , the factory closed. The entire Maribyrnong site is exceedingly complex and the built environment reflects the process of organisational and operational change. Buildings from virtually every era, from to the present, exist side by side. Helpful Share. IzabellazMelbourne wrote a review Apr Melbourne, Australia 42 contributions 9 helpful votes. Disappointed experience. The problem starts with booking the appoitment.
No one pick up the phone. I visited the place and straight understand that is nothing about Spa. Young lady informed me I have waiting for my appointment about 1 month! I asked for one hour deep tissue massage instead. It was not worthy the price. Someone who did the massage need repeat the course how to do a deep tissue massage. Magenta G wrote a review Jan Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 9 contributions 3 helpful votes.
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I went last night as I received a gift voucher and unfortunately I was very disappointed. First I started off with the 60 minute face and leg spa treatment. The facial was literally a quick cleanse followed by a quick exfoliation. Literally I doubt the 2 would have taken 5 minutes the face massage was nice and then a mask got put on. I then had some clay put on my legs and was left there for nearly an hour and a half. Usually when I have had facials they give you hand and arm massages etc. A girl did come in and give me a few minutes of a head massage.
When the mask was taken off, some cream was rubbed into my face and that is it. Park of my gift was a 30 minute deep tissue cleanse foot treatment. Well I think that went for about minutes. Lastly I had my massage. That went for the half hour and was good. I did ask for it hard and it was maybe a little to hard but overall well done. I don't know if there was no care given because I did say that my card had been blocked due to fraudulent activity so maybe they dint both as they couldn't up-sell anything to me.
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I spend a lot of money treating myself and buying gifts for friends however I wont be back here. The Government's power to indefinitely detain non-citizens under this arrangement was upheld by the High Court in the case of Al-Kateb v Godwin. The Minister may intervene to substitute a more favourable decision to the applicant if the Minister believes it is in the public interest. Applicants may also seek a judicial review of an RRT or AAT decision if they wish to have that decision reviewed by the courts. A judicial review involves a court looking at the way in which the decision was made to determine whether the decision maker made any legal errors.
However, legislation that commenced in October significantly restricts the grounds on which decisions may be challenged in the Courts. Every country that has adopted the Refugee Convention, including Australia, makes a commitment to protect the rights of refugees. The most essential part of this commitment is never to return a refugee to a country where he or she has reason to fear persecution. Article 33 of the Refugee Convention is titled 'Prohibition of expulsion or return 'refoulement' ' and says:.