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Mount Waverley, Public Notices. Camberwell, Public Notices. The land affected by the application is located at: 14 Aisbett Avenue, Camberwell The application is for a permit for: Remove a restrictive covenant The applicant for the permit is: Millar Merrigan The application reference Eynesbury, Public Notices. RFNSA: www. Bellarine, Public Notices. The proposal involves the removal of four Sunbury, Public Notices. Exquisitely preserved specimens of collembolans belonging to Symphypleona have been also recovered from the new ACM amber locality Fig. The specimens exhibit a unique combination of characters indicating that most likely this is the fourth known fossil species of Monomorium Figs.

In the Recent biota, Monomorium mostly inhabits the Old World, particularly the tropics, and Australia is considered one of the two main centers of speciation. These new fossil ants are the oldest from Southern Gondwana and unveil the antiquity of many elements in the modern Australian biotas. Significant bioinclusions of plants and animals in Southern Gondwana late middle Eocene amber of Anglesea, Victoria.

C Two stems with perfectly preserved phyllids or leaf-like structures of mosses of the genus Racopilum Bryophyta: Racopilaceae. D Juvenile individuals of spiders. G A Symphypleona springtail. H Light photograph of large piece of yellow amber with two dipterans, Dolichopodidae at left and Ceratopogonidae at right, and at top of image a mite of the living genus Leptus Arachnida: Acari: Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae.

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I Dipterans of the family Dolichopodidae long-legged flies in copula. Reconstruction with anatomical features of the second fossil ant discovered in Australasia and the oldest from Southern Gondwana. It is based on several specimens also see Fig. S2 , and the body color pattern is conjectural, but aligns with the common pattern found in extant Monomorium ants.

The ants and liverwort are represented on a resiniferous conifer tree trunk, and this scenario is reconstructed from the assemblage preserved in late middle Eocene amber of Anglesea, Victoria. The number of amber occurrences in the Southern Pangea and Southern Gondwana regions has been boosted by recent discoveries over the last five years of inclusion and fossil-rich deposits dating from the Late Triassic to early Paleogene of Australia and eastern Zealandia.

These occurrences are an advance in amber paleontology, providing us with significant, new paleobiogeographic data. Paleocene amber from Victoria is the first record of this age in the Southern Hemisphere. The lower Eocene Macquarie Harbour Formation and upper middle Eocene Anglesea Coal Measure amber biotas provide the oldest recorded fungal, plant and animal bioinclusions from Southern Gondwana.

These bioinclusions exhibit the exceptional preservation of the finest of external anatomical details allowing complete descriptions of new taxa. Despite concerted efforts by many researchers for well over a century, except for the Oligocene-Miocene ambers of Southern New Zealand, no early Mesozoic or pre-Neogene amber with animal and plant inclusions, has been recovered from Southern Pangea and Southern Gondwana until this report with scores of new records and vast potential for future finds. As much of the amber was concealed within an organic matrix, the physical extraction of specific amber fragments was conducted considering the fragility of many of the pieces, which fracture quite readily.

In order to ensure optimal preservation of potential inclusions, the bulk samples, comprising both amber and matrix, were soaked in water between two and seven days. As the surrounding rock became malleable with saturation, the samples were manually broken by hand into smaller pieces, and any recognized part and counter-part portions were gently separated from the matrix with a dissecting needle, and placed together in separate vials of tap water and labeled accordingly, to represent immediate sample relation.

The remainder of the soaked sedimentary samples were gradually worked through a set of four stainless steel sieves. Once more, any fossil resin piece that was seen to fracture during the sieving process was removed with forceps and categorized in a separate vial, while the remaining liberated amber was placed in collective vials differentiated by size and location e. Following the primary extraction of amber from each bulk sample, the fossil resin needed to be prepared for viewing.

Although much of the fragmented amber was exceptionally clear, many of the whole-resin droplets comprised a sugary-rind, likely caused by oxidative weathering that enveloped the pristine glass within. To remove this surface, each specimen was clasped by forceps and viewed under a microscope, while submerged in water, as a scalpel was used to scrape away the opaque surface. The removal of said surface contaminants allowed for the observation of the amber under transmitted light microscope, and thus, to recognize potential inclusions.

As inclusions were identified, the relevant fossil resins were separated into individual vials and catalogued. Latex gloves were worn at all times during the handling of these samples to ensure biogenic oils from the processer did not contaminate the amber for future geochemical analysis. Amber samples from the Late Triassic and early Paleocene cores were treated differently for microscopic assessment. Amber was collected from the cores either manually using forceps or by cutting a small piece from the core such that the amber remained embedded in matrix.

Excess matrix was removed using a rock saw, and the amber was cleaned and polished using wet silicon carbide abrasive paper at successively finer grit FEPA P — or 7— Like many Cretaceous ambers, the Otway Basin amber is brittle and many samples were either collected as broken fragments from the core or burst during extraction. In order to preserve large pieces intact and aid in visual inspection, select samples were cleaned and embedded in Epotek epoxy resin following the method of Nascimbene and Silverstein In cases where multiple amber pieces were contained within a single rock sample, some of the amber was left embedded in matrix for preservation.

Individual specimens recovered from the same bulk sample were given letter specimen codes. Bioinclusions are housed at the Museums Victoria Australia paleontology collection. The map was generated using Adobe Illustrator CC www. Anatomical ant reconstruction and paleobiological reconstruction Figs. See the Extended Materials and Methods in the Supplementary Material for more details on amber sites and on geologic setting and age dating of fossiliferous Eocene amber.

Correspondence and material related to this paper may be requested from Jeffrey D. Stilwell Jeffrey. Stilwell monash. Quinney, A. PLoS One 10 , e Mays, C. Google Scholar.

Pole, M. Early Eocene estuary at Strahan, Tasmania. Earth Sci. Kohring, R. Berliner geowiss. E 34 , — Murray, A. Oceanic transport of fossil dammar resin: The chemistry of coastal resinites from South Australia. Acta 58 , — Watson, J. Fossil resins retinite from Yallourn, Allendale and Lal Lal. Lambert, J. Kaulfuss, U. Discovering the New Zealand amber forest biota. Schmidt, A. Amber inclusions from New Zealand. Grimaldi, D. Gomez, B. Taphonomy and palaeoecology of plant remains from the oldest African Early Cretaceous amber locality. Lethaia 35 , — Taphonomy of insects in carbonates and amber.

Diverse fossil amoebae in german mesozoic amber. Paleont 47 , — Forsyth, Review of the Upper Parmeener Supergroup. Helby, R. A palynological zonation of the Australian Mesozoic. Roghi, G. Palynological correlation of Carnian humid pulses throughout western. Triassic amber of the southern Alps Italy. Palaios 21 , — Arthropods in amber from the Triassic Period. USA , — Campbell, H.

Neutron tomography of Austrosequoia novae-zeelandiae comb. Climatic implications of Ginkgoites waarrensis Douglas emend. Mukasa, S. Stilwell, J. UK , — Alcheringa 40 , — Wagstaff, B. Late Cretaceous palynological correlation and environmental analyses of fluvial reservoir facies of the Tuna Field, Gippsland Basin, southeast Australia.

Thiel, V. Microbe-like inclusions in tree resins and implications for the fossil record of protists in amber. Geobiology 14 , — Rahmanian, V. Sequence stratigraphy and the habitat of hydrocarbons, Gippsland Basin, Australia. Williamson, P. Bigwood, A. Tertiary araucarian macrofossils from Tasmania. Speelman, E. Earth Planet. Torsvik, T. Cocks, Eds. Anderson, K. The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere II. Identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites.

Coward, A. Taphonomy and chemotaxonomy of Eocene amber from southeastern Australia. Christophel, D. The Eocene flora of the Anglesea Locality, Victoria. Alcheringa 11 , — Trupp, M. Hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Torquay sub-Basin, offshore Victoria. Holdgate, G. Geology of coal-bearing Palaeogene sediments, onshore Torquay Basin, Victoria.

Tosolini, A. Insect and clitellate annelid trace fossils from mesofossils assemblages from the Cretaceous of Australasia. Alcheringa 34 , — Borkent, A. Stuttgarter Beitr. B , 1—10 Szadziewski, R. Age and recent distribution of extant genera of Ceratopogonidae Diptera present in the fossil record. Alavesia 2 , 87—99 Austroconops Wirth and Lee, a Lower Cretaceous genus of biting midges yet living in Western Australia: a new species, first description of the immatures and discussion of their biology and phylogeny Diptera: Ceratopogonidae.

Bolton, B. An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World. Nascimbene, P. Backhuys Publishers Leiden, Cohen, K. Download references. Additional funds provided to C. Jeffrey D.