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Split logs that had been adzed flat at the ends were then stood in the groove and another groove log was placed on top and slotted into place in a circular corner post. The gaps between the split logs were either packed with clay and animal hair or had narrow strips of metal cut from kerosene tins tacked over them. The interior could be plastered with clay, lined with paperbark or papered with newspaper, wrapping paper or calico.
Cards, photographs, news clippings and commemorative items were often stuck directly onto the walls. The technique of making durable hardwood roofing shingles was also developed. Where these shingles have been applied to brick houses, they have sometimes survived to the 21st century, covered by subsequent corrugated iron roofs. In the earliest houses windows were usually small, and multi-paned with cylinder glass. When the cost of glass put it beyond reach of the home-owner, blinds of oiled calico were tacked across window openings in the winter months. The simplest houses were of a single room, which, if the bread-winner prospered, became the kitchen to a more substantial residence, or conversely, became the living room with a lean-to kitchen added.
Houses that grew piecemeal were generally asymmetrical, with the door leading into the original room. Houses that were planned were generally symmetrical, and very simple, usually containing 2 to 4 rooms around a central hallway. The kitchen was frequently detached and entered from a rear verandah or covered breezeway where pantry or scullery might also be located. Fireplaces projected outwards from the walls of the house.
Except in the case of some small inner-city Georgian row houses built of brick, houses generally had a verandah added to them, often on three sides. One class of people who maintained the tradition of wattle and daub, with a bark roof was the squatters who did not have title to their land, and potentially had to move on every two years. Very few 19th-century houses of wattle and daub or split timber have survived. A small number of split-timber cottages which later became kitchens may be seen adjacent to more substantial homes, generally painted to match the house and barely recognizable.
Most buildings erected in the first 50 years of Australian settlement were simple and plain. Convict huts, marine barracks, government stores and houses for officials were simple rectangular prisms covered with hipped or gabled roofs often with verandahs supported on wooden columns in the Classical manner. They were influenced in particular by the regulation British military buildings in India and other tropical locations. At the time of the first settlement, Georgian architecture was the architectural vernacular in Britain.
Craftsmen, including carpenters and plasterers were trained in the classic proportions associated with the Palladian style fashionable across Europe. Neoclassism incorporating not only Greek but also sometimes Ancient Egyptian motifs , beginning in Europe about , also influenced Australian architectural style. As the Australian economy developed and settlements became more established, more sophisticated buildings emerged. Elizabeth Farm cottage , Parramatta, New South Wales ; completed in ; one of the oldest surviving residences in Australia.
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Brislington, Parramatta ; completed Oatlands Coach House, Oatlands, Tasmania. Completed Clarendon House, Evandale, Tasmania ; completed in [9]. Panshanger , near Longford, Tasmania. Toxana, Richmond, New South Wales. Conservatorium of Music, Sydney , designed by Francis Greenway.
During the Victorian era, the British Empire , including Australia, was yet heavily Anglican , and thus subject to the influence of the Oxford and Cambridge Movements , which favored the use of Gothic Revival architecture. Thus, while a local magnate may have built his home in a classical style, he would potentially fund a church in the Gothic style. Thus, during the 19th century, when Australia was expanding rapidly, two forms of architecture were very evident: Gothic and the Classical styles.
Originally Gothic was for God, and the Classical for the man. Later a new "self-made" Australian began to emerge, unhindered by a classical British education dictating classical gentlemanly interests. This "new" self-made man like his contemporaries in Britain would often choose Gothic as the design for his home.
The great cathedrals of the Middle Ages during the Gothic period of ecclesiastical architecture formed the inspiration for this particular architectural style; not only in residential buildings, but in many commercial structures, churches and cathedrals built during this time. Paul's and St. Patrick's Cathedrals in Melbourne are excellent examples of the Gothic Revival period, often referred to as Victorian Gothic.
Characteristics were: steeply pitched roofs often made of slate, narrow doors and windows resolving in a Gothic pointed arch at their height known as lancet windows , diamond pane glazing to windows imitating a stained glass affect, and intricate parapets, often of a religious nature, with a cross. In non-terrace houses, the drawing room was often pulled forward, adding a bay window to the front of the dwelling. The period in its entirety stretches from to and was named after the then Queen, Queen Victoria.
During the s cast-iron lacework came to Australia, where it made its way on to Mid and Late Victorian Homes with much the same floor plan as the Colonial Style, a central hallway with a standard 4 rooms. Weatherboards were often used, although larger homes used red brick and blue stone. In the Mid Victorian Style, decoration began to gain popularity.
The bullnosed veranda roof was introduced, sidelights were added either side of the front door, and terraced houses were springing up everywhere, containing parapets and detailed dividing walls between the property boundaries. Late Victorian Style homes had perhaps the most decorative features in all of the known architectural styles to date, which is often referred to as Boom Style.
The Queenslander style house is characterized by an all timber painted exterior, a timber stud frame, and a floor raised on piles for air flow in hot climate. They have wide verandahs often the length of the house and enclosed by shutters, and roofs are gabled and corrugated iron. The street facing view is often symmetrical.
The NSW Queenslander is often smaller than the original classic Queenslander and is less decorative probably due to limited supply of delicate timber detail and trades-people to build them. It is sometimes combined with the Ranch style house.
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From the s, a specific style of building emerged in Queensland. The Queenslander style of houses are identifiable by large verandahs and large double doors which open onto these verandahs, stilts rising the house above ground level particularly in older houses , metal roofs typically of corrugated design and the houses are always constructed of mostly wood.
Of these fifteen styles, the following seven were normally used for residential architecture:.
A typical Victorian Georgian house of the 19th century was simple, elegant and formal in style. The style is sometimes called Georgian Revival to avoid confusion with Old Colonial Georgian architecture. Woodlands , Killara , New South Wales. Argyle Place terraces, Millers Point, Sydney [11]. The Lodge , the official residence of the Prime Minister , when in Canberra , completed in [12].
The Regency style was a refinement of Georgian, with elaborations like a portico with columns at the front of the house.
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Merrivale , Pymble, New South Wales. Terraces in Millers Point, Sydney. Cyprus Terrace, East Melbourne, Victoria. As housing developed in Australia, verandas became important as a way of shading the house. From the midth century in particular, as people became more affluent, they built more elaborate homes, and one of the favoured elaborations was the filigree, or screen, of cast iron or wrought iron. This developed to the point where it has become one of the major features of Australian architecture.
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Many homes with this feature are also considered Italianate architecture , the filigree element being the wrought iron balcony. Holcombe Terrace. One of Australia's best examples of the residential filigree style executed in polychrome brick. Carlton, Victoria.
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Terraced houses in the Sydney suburb of Glebe , with wrought iron balconies. Filigree architecture in Queenscliff, Victoria. The Italianate style developed as a result of French painters who idealised the Italian landscape and turned it into their version of Arcadia. Their influence was long-lasting and eventually led to the Italianate architectural style of the 19th century. The style featured asymmetry and, usually, a tower of varying size. In Australia, the addition of the verandah, sometimes arcaded but later in Filigree wrought iron , gave a regional flavour to the style.
Government House, Melbourne , Victoria; completed in Eynesbury House , Kingswood, South Australia; completed in [13]. Kenilworth , Annandale , New South Wales. Kamesburgh , North Road, Brighton , Victoria. Roslyn , Coogee, New South Wales. Earlswood , Randwick , New South Wales. Bishopscourt , East Melbourne , Victoria; completed in Rippon Lea , Elsternwick , Victoria. Epworth , Richmond , Victoria. Werribee Park , Werribee, Victoria; completed in [14].