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The area became the worst-impacted in the state, with a total of deaths [48] and more than 1, homes destroyed. Late in the afternoon of 7 February, residents had anticipated that the fire front would bypass Marysville. Afterwards, a police sergeant said that the main street in Marysville had been destroyed: "The motel at one end of it partially exists. The bakery has survived. Don't ask me how. Everything else is just nuked. Premier Brumby described the situation: "There's no activity, there's no people, there's no buildings, there's no birds, there's no animals, everything's just gone.
So the fatality rate will be very high. Eventually 34 fatalities were confirmed in the Marysville area, with all but 14 of over buildings destroyed. Other localities severely affected included Buxton and Taggerty. To the south of the fire complex, visitors and residents were stranded at Yarra Glen when fire surrounded the town on three sides. Investigators initially believed that the cause of the fire that originated near the Murrundindi Mill and swept through Narbethong and Marysville was arson, with several suspects investigated.
It was alleged that the fire was caused by a "break in an electrical conductor on a power pole near the Murrindindi Saw Mill". The fire destroyed an unknown number of buildings at Mudgegonga , southeast of Beechworth, with two residents confirmed dead. Strong winds fuelled the fire on the night of 8 February, and lightning ignited a new fire near Kergunyah around midday on 9 February. Late on the night of 9 February the greatest threat was to Eskdale, and fires also burnt in pine plantations 8 kilometres 5. The Beechworth Correctional Centre minimum-security prison offered up to thirty of its inmates to provide assistance to firefighters; a local DSE manager said that though untrained personnel would not be allowed at the fire front, the prisoners would be welcome in support roles.
A fire to the west of the city of Bendigo burned out hectares 1, acres. The CFA initially suspected that the most likely cause was a cigarette butt discarded from a car or truck along Bracewell Street in Maiden Gully. On 2 February , police announced that the taskforce investigating the arson had arrested two youths in relation to the Bendigo fires. The youths, aged 14 and 15, were each charged with arson causing death, deliberately lighting a bushfire, lighting of a fire on a day of total fire ban and lighting of a fire in a country area during extreme weather conditions.
They were also charged with multiple counts of using telecommunications systems to menace, harass and offend as well as counts each of arson. On 7 November , the Victorian Supreme Court Justice, Paul Coghlan, on advice from the prosecutor, Steven Milesi, found that the two youths were unfit to stand trial before a jury due to their intellectual disabilities. The fire threatened the towns of Baynton [87] and Glenhope. A fire started at Bunyip Ridge in the Bunyip State Park on 4 February, originating near walking tracks; it was thought to have been deliberately lit. By the morning of 7 February, the fire had broken through containment lines.
The fire destroyed approximately a dozen houses at Labertouche, Tonimbuk, and Drouin West, [94] in addition to various outbuildings and a factory. The fire threatened the Loy Yang Power Station , particularly the station's open-cut coal mine. One small spot fire broke out to the south of the power station, but it was contained by water bombing aircraft.
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By 9 February, the Churchill fire complex was still burning out of control, with fronts through the Latrobe Valley and the Strzelecki Ranges. Investigators revealed that they strongly believed arson was the most likely cause of the Churchill fire. Author Chloe Hooper has written a book which details the Police investigation, victim accounts of Black Saturday in the Morwell area, the arrest and the trial of Sokaluk, and an analysis of his mind.
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In Upper Ferntree Gully a fire damaged the rail track and caused the closure of the Belgrave railway line , as well as all major roads. In the southern Dandenong Ranges, bushfires ignited around Narre Warren , one of which was caused by sparks from a power tool. At a community meeting on 11 February, DSE and Parks Victoria authorities revealed a plan to back-burn across the entrance to the promontory, in order to prevent any possibility of the fire burning out of the park and into farmland and towards the towns of Yanakie and Sandy Point.
It is not believed to have touched the ground, but was pushed into a nearby eucalyptus tree by the strong prevailing wind. Burning gumleaves fell to the ground and ignited grass, from which the fire grew extremely rapidly in the hot, dry and windy conditions. The fire caused unquantified losses of stock, and destroyed several outbuildings, but all houses under threat were saved by CFA firefighters.
Investigations began almost immediately following the fires to determine a wide variety of things including identification of victims, cause of ignition sources, and assessments of authority responses. A Royal Commission into the Black Saturday bushfires was conducted, a process that was intended to determine the true nature of the background causes, preparation of responsible agencies, circumstances on the day, chronology, and impacts of the events in question. New Zealand police also provided four victim identification dogs and handlers.
Some of the fires were suspected to have been deliberately lit by arsonists. Chief Commissioner Nixon stated on 9 February that all fire sites would be treated as crime scenes. On 9 February a man was arrested in connection with the fires at Narre Warren; it was alleged by police that he had been operating a power tool, sparks from which ignited a grass fire, destroying two houses.
A man from Churchill, Brendan Sokaluk, was arrested by police on 12 February, in relation to the Churchill fires, and was questioned at the Morwell police station, before being charged on 13 February with one count each of arson causing death, intentionally lighting a bushfire, and possession of child pornography.
By the morning of 11 February , reports of looting had been posted. Witnesses reported seeing acts of looting occurring at a property at Heathcote Junction , shortly after the removal of the body of a victim from the property. On 12 February, a small number of arrests were made, and charges laid against people in relation to "looting offences", as announced by the Victoria Police chief commissioner, Christine Nixon.
The Premier of Victoria, John Brumby, announced in April that a royal commission into the fires would be held which would examine "all aspects of the government's bushfire strategy". A total of people were confirmed to have died as a result of the fires. The figure was originally estimated at 14 on the night of 7 February, and steadily increased over the following two weeks to A temporary morgue was established at the Coronial Services Centre at Southbank , capable of holding up to three hundred bodies.
The Victorian Coroner compared this to a similar facility established after the July London bombings. On 11 February, fire authorities estimated that as many as of Marysville 's residents could have perished. Location of deaths: []. A total of people were injured during the Black Saturday bushfires. Due to the intensity and speed of the fires, most casualties of the bushfires either died, or survived with minor injuries.
There were significantly fewer major burns than in previous bushfires, such as Ash Wednesday. Of the people who presented to medical treatment centres and hospitals, there were 22 with serious burns and with minor burns and other bushfire-related injuries.
National and statewide burns disaster plans were activated. Twenty-two patients with major burns presented to the state's burns referral centres, of which eighteen were adults.
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Adult burns patients at The Alfred spent There were a further bushfire-related presentations across the state in the first 72 hours. Most patients with serious burns were triaged to, and managed at, burns referral centres. Throughout the disaster, burns referral centres continued to have substantial surge capacity. It was estimated that the amount of energy released during the firestorm in the Kinglake-Marysville area was equivalent to the amount of energy that would be released by 1, Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs. Responses to the Black Saturday bushfires included immediate community response, donations, and international aid efforts.
Later responses included Government inquiries including a Royal Commission, and recommendations and discussions from a wide variety of bodies, organisations, authorities and communities. In September it was announced that Australia's most prominent fire ecologist , Kevin Tolhurst, was developing a new course for the University of Melbourne on fire behaviour. The new system involves a six-tier scale to indicating such things as the level of risk and activity of the fire.
Every day during the fire season the Bureau of Meteorology BOM forecasts an outlook of the Fire Danger Index FDI by considering the predicted weather including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and dryness of vegetation. For example, large numbers of kangaroos were afflicted with burned feet due to territorial instincts that drew them back to their recently burned and smouldering home ranges.
Forested catchment areas supplying five of Melbourne's nine major dams were affected by the fires, with the worst affected being the Maroondah Reservoir and O'Shannassy Reservoir. In early March , smoke from the fires was discovered in the atmosphere over Antarctica at record altitudes. This figure was composed of 84 per cent for property or contents, and 16 per cent for vehicles. However the report also estimated that up to 13 per cent of residential properties destroyed may have had no insurance, with many more under-insured, thus suggesting that the actual cost of asset damage in the bushfires was considerably higher than that recorded.
The report from the commission said that: " The Victorian Department of Primary Industries estimated losses shortly after the fires as 11, head of livestock, 62, hectares , acres of grazing pasture , and 32, tonnes 31, long tons; 35, short tons of hay and silage.
As of February , two years after the fires, the Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority stated that based on figures from the end of , permits had been issued for the rebuilding of only of the 1,, or 41 per cent of the principal places of residence destroyed in the fires.
A class action lawsuit was initiated in the Supreme Court of Victoria on 13 February by Slidders Lawyers against electricity distribution company SP AusNet , in relation to the Kilmore East fire that became part of the Kinglake complex, and the Beechworth fires. The class action was ultimately run by law firm Maurice Blackburn. Also on 13 February, five law firms from Victoria's Western Districts held a meeting to discuss a potential class action in relation to the Horsham fire, which was also thought to have been started by fallen power lines.
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In the wake of the fires and the mounting casualty toll, there was debate about policies for dealing with bushfires and the management practices that may have contributed to them. Naomi Brown, chief executive of the Australasian Fire and Emergency Services Authorities Council, argued that the high number of fatalities in these fires, as opposed to earlier fires such as the Ash Wednesday fires , was partly attributable to increased population densities on Melbourne's fringes.
In announcing that the fires would be investigated by a Royal Commission , the Premier of Victoria , John Brumby , suggested that the long-standing "stay-and-defend-or-leave-early" policy would be reviewed, saying that while it had proven reliable during normal conditions, the conditions on 7 February had been exceptional. Commissioner Nixon, however, defended the policy, saying that it was "well thought of and well based and has stood the test of time and we support it". In response to the Black Saturday bushfires new building regulations for Victorian bushfire-prone areas were fast tracked by Standards Australia.
Based on this information, the Building Commission Victoria has released a range of publications to assist with people returning to properties, moving into temporary dwellings, retrofitting existing dwellings, and building new dwellings in bushfire areas.
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BALs range from "BAL-LOW", for properties with no specific construction requirements such as suburban buildings, to "BAL-FZ" for properties in the fire zone likely to experience direct exposure to the fire front, as well as high heat flux and ember attacks. As part of the building codes debate, an expert panel recommended in that the state government ban housing in the highest fire risk areas, which are some of the most dangerous in the world. Another member of the panel, international planning expert Roz Hansen, said that she was "disappointed and alarmed" about the decision to rebuild Marysville, stating that it was unlikely that a new development would have been permitted in the area.
She went on to say that in parts of Asia, people had been forcibly moved out of unacceptably high risk cyclone and flooding areas in the public interest despite the difficulties this involved. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. See also: Early southeastern Australia heat wave. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission. Callignee 4 Koornalla 4 Churchill 2 Jerralang Junction 1.
Main article: Reactions to the Black Saturday bushfire crisis. Australia portal. Irish Times. Retrieved 19 February Retrieved 6 February The fire started after the conductor between poles 38 and 39 failed and the live conductor came into contact with a cable stay supporting pole This contact caused arcing that ignited vegetation near the base of pole An electrical fault was recorded at The Age.
Melbourne: Fairfax Media.