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Retrieved 5 April Retrieved 13 April BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 July Herald Sun. Melbourne: News Corporation. Retrieved 4 December Retrieved 31 December Times of India. Retrieved 11 March Wisden India. Archived from the original on 14 March Retrieved 13 December Retrieved 21 April Retrieved 15 April Retrieved 29 July Australia squad — Ashes. Bowlers with career strike rate of 50 or less in Test matches. Ferris Hordern It is passed in response to the demands of the Port Phillip settlers, who feel inadequately represented in the NSW Legislative Council self-governing since and who resent their revenues being channelled to the New South Wales area.
With the passing of the Australian Colonies Government Act New South Wales receives a new constitution providing for an elected lower house in a bicameral legislature. In a series of lectures in Sydney, John Dunmore Lang promotes republicanism, including the end of convict transportation, and independence and federation for the Australian colonies. John Dunmore Lang , with aid from Henry Parkes , James Wilshire and other radicals, establishes the Australian League to encourage a sense of national identity, to resist any further convict transportation and to promote, by moral means exclusively, the entire freedom of the Australian colonies and their incorporation into one political federation.
The League collapses after two meetings. From the s the British Government introduces laws that allow for the election of municipal councils in each colony, then partially elected legislative councils. They invite each legislative council to draft constitutions that will give each colony representative self-government and their own parliament.
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South Australia is the first place in the British Empire to formally separate church and state by ending government aid to churches. The move is supported by George Fife Angas, Member for Barossa and sponsor of the first groups of German Lutheran exiles, who are opposed to church taxes. Great Britain formally abandons convict transportation to all colonies of Australia, except Western Australia. The first of Rev. West, a Congregational minister, journalist and leader of the anti-transportation movement in Van Diemens Land, becomes an influential advocate for federation.
He is convinced the colonies must form a federal union if they are to have any influence in London. West publishes his articles under the pseudonym John Adams. Britain declares war on Russia, beginning British involvement in the Crimean War. The news leads to the establishment of a volunteer corps in some colonies, and the formation of rifle clubs in others.
By early most suburbs and towns in Australia support a volunteer unit, usually a rifle corps. The aims of the League are similar to those of the Chartists — manhood suffrage, voting by ballot, annual parliaments and payment of members. In addition, they seek the abolition of the licensing system, reforms in the administration of the goldfields, and a revision of laws relating to Crown land. On 3 December a group of miners led by Peter Lalor clash with government troops over the system of mining licences on the Ballarat goldfields in Victoria.
The 13 miners brought to trial for high treason are found not guilty by a jury. In the following year an eyewitness account of the Rebellion is published by Raffaello Carboni. Between and , the constitutions of New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania are drawn up by the respective legislative councils and approved by the British Parliament.
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Bicameral parliaments based on two legislative chambers are established. It signifies a departure from British governance, and a new beginning for those opposed to continuing convict transportation. The Australian colonies become self-governing — all adult 21 years and over male British subjects are entitled to vote in South Australia from , in Victoria from , New South Wales from , and Tasmania from This includes Indigenous men, although they are not encouraged to enrol.
Queensland and Western Australia introduce responsible government in but deny Indigenous people the vote. Victoria is the first Australian colony to pass a law adopting the secret ballot, a system already successfully used in France and some American states. It involves people voting at elections by casting their vote on paper and putting it in a ballot box, rather than voting by a public show of hands.
Voting by ballot has a long history. It was a key element in the British Chartist Movement of the s along with one person one vote, manhood suffrage, equal representation of electoral districts and annual elections. The secret ballot is used in the Victorian elections for the Legislative Assembly in September—October , and is also adopted by Tasmania and South Australia in the same year. It remains a controversial issue in Britain, with advocates seeing it as a way of promoting democracy while opponents fear it will lead to fraud or, at worst, undermine the need for a man to publicly defend his political choice.
In a world first, Melbourne building tradesmen and contractors successfully negotiate an eight-hour working day. The movement is led by stonemasons who lead a protest march from The University of Melbourne to Parliament House. South Australia secures the one man one vote principle by abolishing plural voting, which is common practice in the colonies at the time.
All of the other colonies follow suit, but in most cases it does not take effect until the s and the first decade of the s. The Australian ballot is a form of the secret ballot and its features are subsequently adopted by many other countries.
It remains an important element of the Australian electoral system today. South Australia is the first colony to pass a law giving women the power to petition for divorce based on the English Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act Other states follow suit. These laws continue to favour men however, and wives and children remain unprotected from retribution. The Moreton Bay district is proclaimed as the new colony of Queensland, with its own representative government and constitution.
The worst of a series of riots erupts on the Burrangong goldfields between Chinese and European miners over gold sites and resources. The civil war begins militarily when the Confederate southern forces attack the Federally held Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April The war is about states' rights and the preservation of the Union. The confederate states secede because they fear that the newly elected President, Abraham Lincoln, will abolish slavery. Lincoln issues an Emancipation Proclamation in More than , soldiers are killed in the war.
For the first time in Australia, South Australian women are granted the right to vote in local government elections under the Municipal Corporations Act SA , although this is restricted to those owning property and does not permit them to stand for election. It takes eight attempts and another 30 years before the parliamentary franchise is extended to all adult females in South Australia. This right is extended to women in Western Australia in municipal elections and road district councils ; New South Wales in shire and municipal elections and Sydney City Council ; Queensland in local authority elections and Brisbane City Council ; Tasmania in rural municipality elections , Hobart City Council and Launceston City Council ; and Victoria in municipal elections, although women with the requisite property qualifications were permitted to vote before The Commonwealth government assumes responsibility from to South Australia is the first colony to de-institutionalise children under government control.
The Act also introduces industrial and reformatory schools.
The boarding out system is a success and is subsequently adopted in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. The final shipment of convicts disembarks in Western Australia.
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By the time transportation ends, an estimated , convicts have been shipped to Australia. The first public demand for equal justice for women is reported to be made by feminist Henrietta Augusta Dugdale in a letter to the Melbourne Argus. The last contingent of British troops withdraws from Australia.
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Each individual colony is made responsible for its own defence. Victoria becomes the first of the Australian colonies to introduce payment of Members of Parliament. This is one of the reforms sought by supporters of the Chartist Movement, the popular British reform movement of the s that influenced the evolution of democracy in the Australian colonies. Until the Act is passed in , only the ministers and presiding officers of the parliament are paid. Democratic reformers argue that this works against popular representation. Although all men can vote, only wealthy men can afford to sit in parliament.
Payments are resisted by the conservative Legislative Council, and are initially introduced for a three-year trial period. The Australian Natives Association is established as a benefit society giving native-born white Australians access to the same forms of sickness and burial benefits available to immigrants.
The Association increasingly becomes an advocate for native-born interests such as Federation and, by the early 20th century, the White Australia Policy. The Victorian Supervision of Workrooms and Factories Act sets out minimum working hours and conditions for women and juveniles. However, there are no provisions for policing these conditions. The Tasmanian Government claims the last Indigenous Tasmanian has died. South Australia is the first place in the British Empire to allow the legal formation and registration of trade unions.
For the first time, women are admitted to lectures and examinations at an Australian university — The University of Melbourne. Julia Bella Guerin is the first woman to graduate from an Australian university in The Bulletin journal, founded by J F Archibald , combines news, politics and economics, and offers an Australian perspective to an Australian audience. Famous for publishing the work of promising Australian writers such as Henry Lawson, it becomes a radically nationalistic magazine. The Bulletin ceases publication in after years.
European powers begin a major carve-up of Africa.
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Britain occupies Egypt and Sudan , Italy establishes a colony in Eritrea , Germany occupies south-west Africa , Belgium claims possession of the Congo , Germany annexes Tanganyika and Zanzibar , and Britain annexes Zululand and occupies Uganda South Australia passes the Destitute Persons Act , the first legislation for the state relief of poverty in Australia. Many immigrants to Australia have painful memories of the English poor laws and the hated workhouse, and regard the absence of poor laws in Australia as a sign of social progress.
During the s several colonies begin to supplement the funds of religious and charitable organisations to relieve poverty. It was founded in the American West in The organisation fights for a range of social reforms, advocating temperance and actively supporting Australian Federation. The Tailoresses Association of Melbourne strikes against;sweating whereby women are forced to take piecework at sub-standard or sweated rates.