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Glick and Financial Management Strategies, Inc. Weisberg, Edward G. Newman, Steven A. Timothy J. Behn Administrative Proceeding File No. Amrit J. Matthew A. Burg Administrative Proceeding File No. Devon D. Archer, Bevan T. Cooney, Hugh Dunkerley, Jason W. Galanis, John P. Galanis, Gary T. Hirst, Michelle A. Robert S. Andrew, Jeffrey L. Wendel, Randy T. Jeffrey D. Martin, Thomas L. Tedrow, Christian T. Tedrow, Tyler T. Sonya D. Kristine L. Johnson, Tory A. Barnes, and Work with Troy Barnes, Inc. Dalman, Gaspar C. Jesus, Eduardo N.
Da Silva, Heriberto C. Perez Valdes, Jeffrey A. Kelley, and Paul H. Howard M. Carol J. Wayland, John C. Dow, Barry Liss, and Steve G. Walter C. Little and Andrew M. Home Solutions of America, Inc. Frank J. Fradella, Brian M. Marshall, Jeffrey M. Mattich, Rick J. Gingrich, Thomas L. Davis, and Jeffrey T. Nationwide Automated Systems, Inc. Craig H. Carton, Joseph G. Timothy S. Michael T. In the Matter of Stephens Inc. Ellis, Yasuo Oda, Thomas H. Vetter, Michael K. Martin, Sharon L. Adam C. Ronald C. In the Matter of Ameritas Investment Corp.
Chad C. In the Matter of Principal Securities, Inc. In the Matter of Benjamin F. In the Matter of Robert W. Incorporated Administrative Proceeding File No. In the Matter of ProEquities, Inc. Robert P. DePalo, Joshua B. Gladtke, Gregg A. Barry C. Peter H. Pocklington, Lantson E. Eldred, Terrence J. Walton, Yolanda C. In the Matter of Andrew F. Newport Group, Inc. AriseBank, Jared Rice Sr. Tycoon Energy, Inc. Barry M. Robert H. David H. Jordan E. In the Matter of Polycom, Inc. Sunwest Management, Inc.
Canyon Creek Development, Inc. James V. Mazzo, David L. Parker, and Eddie C. Douglas P. Charles A. Tesla, Inc. Lawrence P. In the Matter of Citibank, N. Lawrence E. Tangoe, Inc. Subbloie, Gary R. Martino, Donald J. Farias, and Thomas H. William M. SeaWorld Entertainment, Inc. Thurman P. Peter C. Henderson; California Gold Medal, L. Arista Power, Inc. Schmitz, Michael T. Carr Administrative Proceeding File No. Steve H. Wasson and Wade D. Miquelon Administrative Proceeding File No. In the Matter of Mark R. Graham, Blue Capital Management, Inc. Clovis Oncology, Inc. Mahaffy, and Erle T. CAUSwave, Inc.
Riggs, and Diane R. Intertech Solutions, Inc. In the Matter of Citigroup, Inc. Jason W. Galanis, Jared M. Galanis, Derek M. Hirst, and Gavin L. David A. William Z. In the Matter of Ribbon Communications Inc. Broekhuizen, Douglas J. Derryberry, David R. Frost, Richard C. Gounaud, Neil P. Kelly, John M. Kirschenbaum, David S.
Luttbeg, Timothy J. McAloon, Jocelyn M. Murphy, Michael S. Murphy, Ralph M. Riccardi, Dewey T. Tran, and Philip A. Scherr, Deborah B. Dora, Sharlene F. In the Matter of Jinesh P. Brahmbhatt Administrative Proceeding File No. Lynette M. Robbins and Knowles Systems, Inc. In the Matter of Bradley J. Beman Administrative Proceeding File No. In the Matter of Kevin A. Giles Administrative Proceeding File No. Gary S. In the Matter of Hari K.
Ravichandran Administrative Proceeding File No. In the Matter of Legg Mason, Inc. Medient Studios, Inc. Jesky, Esq. Paul Z. Singer and Singer Financial Corp. James VanBlaricum, Rodney L. Eldrick E. Greenlaw; Benjamin L. Wissink; Theodore F. Etter; Cara D. Obert; and David A. Providence Financial Investments, Inc.
Christopher A. Wagers, Judson F. Pacific West Capital Group, Inc. In the Matter of Beam Inc. Ronald A. Fossum, Jr. Quadrant 4 System Corp. In the Matter of Constant Contact, Inc. Miceli, Douglas A. McClain, Jr. Early labour could be prolonged through medication, but the available data set does not account for that, so the potential number of natural pre-term births could be underestimated.
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The methods used to calculate gestation age e. The exact methods used for determining the gestational age were unknown. Also, gestational ages were approximated as whole weeks and not available as days and weeks in the dataset. Alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy have been found to have an effect on preterm birth in other studies [ 32 , 33 ].
Air pollution data was also not available for Alice Springs and hence its effects remain unknown. Time of delivery was not available in the dataset.
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A more accurate analysis would have required time of delivery and hourly temperature data, especially because immediate increase to the RR of preterm birth was observed in the study. Temperature data used in the analysis originates from the Alice Springs airport station, which is around 10 km away from the town and hence may not precisely represent the temperature conditions of the Alice Springs town area.
In the absence of any complications, pregnant women from far remote communities are requested to arrive and stay in a resident hostel in Alice Springs around 6 weeks before their due date. This would mean some of the preterm deliveries in Alice Springs Hospital may have been exposed to different temperature and humidity conditions. The model was designed to understand the effect of the temperature variables up to 3 weeks before delivery.
The analysis clearly shows that delayed effects are observed within the three week period, and hence examining the effects of temperature beyond three weeks may also provide more insights. However, then spatial variation of temperature will have to be accounted for in the case of pregnant women who travel from remote locations. In conclusion, the study summarises that extreme maximum and minimum temperatures increase the risk of preterm birth and the effects are influenced by the values of the temperature. The effects of pollution, which may be significant, could not be considered due to data unavailability.
Air quality monitoring, more precise temperature measurements and analysis on longer term temperature exposures are required. The main finding from this study is that pregnant women may have to reduce exposure to extreme temperatures in Central Australia. Awareness on the potential risks of exposure to extreme hot and cold conditions and recommendations on how to reduce their effect should be disseminated through health care organisations.
A range of behavioural responses, environmental modifications and technological adaptation may also be required to reduce the effects of temperature exposure to pregnant women. The project and the open access fee for this paper was funded by the Charles Darwin University-Menzies School of Health Research collaborative grant.
The following are available online at www. The study was designed by Supriya Mathew, Anne B. Supriya Mathew collated the data and drafted the first version of the paper.
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Statistical modelling was conducted by Darfiana Nur. Deepika Mathur contributed towards the literature review and obtained the ethics approval for the study. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the analysis and the revision of the article. All authors approved the final article for publication. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Feb 4. Singh , 2 Darfiana Nur , 3 and Rolf Gerritsen 1.
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Find articles by Supriya Mathew. Find articles by Deepika Mathur. Anne B. Find articles by Anne B. Find articles by Elizabeth McDonald. Gurmeet R. Find articles by Gurmeet R. Find articles by Rolf Gerritsen. Jan C. Semenza, Academic Editor. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Dec 12; Accepted Jan This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Associated Data Supplementary Materials ijerphs Abstract Preterm birth born before 37 completed weeks of gestation is one of the leading causes of death among children under 5 years of age.
Keywords: indigenous, climate change, preterm birth, arid, desert, remote. Introduction Preterm birth born before 37 completed weeks of gestation is one of the leading causes of death among children under 5 years of age [ 1 ]. Results After applying the exclusion criteria to the dataset obtained from the Department of Health, the dataset included 16, single natural births that took place during the period of —, with a mean daily count of 1.
Effects of Maximum Temperature and Minimum Temperature on Preterm Deliveries in Central Australia The association between both maximum and minimum temperature with preterm birth was modelled for up to 3 weeks before delivery. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3.
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Figure 4. Discussion In our study that focused on Alice Springs in Central Australia, a location which has extreme hot weather conditions and a high preterm delivery rate relative to the rest of Australia, we found that extreme hot and cold temperatures increase the relative risks of preterm birth. Conclusions In conclusion, the study summarises that extreme maximum and minimum temperatures increase the risk of preterm birth and the effects are influenced by the values of the temperature. Supplementary Materials The following are available online at www. Click here for additional data file.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Harrison M. Global burden of prematurity. Fetal Neonatal Med. Kusters C. The impact of a premature birth on the family; Consequences are experienced even after 19 years. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.
Soilly A. Economic analysis of the costs associated with prematurity from a literature review. Public Health. Howe T. Parenting stress in families with very low birth weight preterm infants in early infancy. Perinatal Statistics Series No. More on Century 21 Australia. Buying Renting Selling Search. Century 21 Property Group's Newest Properties. For Sale Inspection Booking Essential. Clarinda 49 Jacobs Drive 3 1 2.